Death Anxiety and Stress Levels With Different Age Groups

finale Anxiety and melody Levels With Different Age GroupsqIntroductionThis inquiry bequeath be rough field of viewing the kin between humans get on with gathering with spiritedness filter direct and in like manner remnant foreboding. According to Peter, Cant, Payne, OConnor, McDermott, Hood, Morphet and Shimoinaba (2013), stopping localise apprehension is the morbid, abnormal or opinionated fear of peerlesss own death or the process of his/her dying. termination misgiving is withal a feeling of dread, apprehension or anxiety when whiz thinks of the process of dying. According to Angela Morrow (2011), focus is the bodys reaction to a change that requires a physical, mental or emotional adjustment or response.Terror steering Theory (TMT) was proposed in 1986 by social psychologistsJeff Greenberg,Tom Pyszczynski, andSheldon Solomon. The theory was enliven by the writings of cultural anthropologist,Ernest Becker. The basic idea of the theory is that human are motivated to control their potential for terror inherent in the human awareness of vulnerability and death prescribe by spending in cultural belief systems that imbue life-time with meaning, and the individuals who subscribe to them with self-consciousness. Since its inception, the theory has generated semiempirical research into non just the constitution of self-esteem and prejudice, but overly a host of other forms of human social behavior (Cox and Arndt 2006).Self-esteem is showed to be an important anxiety-buffering function in the face of death-related theory, leading individuals with high trains of self-esteem to exhibit attenuated mortality salience effects. Thus, an attorney concerned with mortality salience-related factors which adversely extend toing his or her case may want to practise pretrial surveys to identify and challenge jurors who show to be experiencing situational or dispositional factors that could be associated with lower-ranking self-esteem (Lie berman and Arntd 2009).General Adaptation Syndrome was founded by Scientist Hans Selye(1907-1982). He showed 3 phases what the supposed effects of punctuate has on the body which was alarm st succession, underground st duration and exhaustion st develop. Throughout his work, he developed the theory that stress is a main cause of diseases because chronic stress causes long-term chemical substance changes. He observed that the body would respond to any external biologic source of stress with a predictable biological pattern in an attempt to restore the bodys internal homeostasis. This early hormonal reaction is yourfight or flight stress response and its purpose is for manipulation stress very quickly The process of the whole bodys struggle to maintain equilibrium is what Selye had termed, the General Adaptation Syndrome. Pressures, tensions, and other also stressors can greatly influence your regular metabolism. Selye matchd thatthere is a particular supply of adaptive energy t o deal with stress.That add up declines with continuous exposure. (Richard J.) (2008). Therefore, our research statements would be do different age group influence anes stress level? and do different age group influence whizs death anxiety?AimTo body of work the death anxiety and stress level with different age group.Variables self-directed Age groups (Young adulthood, middle adulthood and older adulthood).Dependent Stress level and death anxiety level.HypothesisAs age level increase, the level of death anxiety increases.As age level increase, the stress level increase.Literature reviewA field of operation by Harrawood, White and Benshoff(2009) was conducted to render the relationship between the level of death anxiety among a case sample of United States funeral directors with varying levels of death exposure, age, and sex among 203 funeral directors working in the United States. The main results showed a significant but weak veto relationship between levels of death anxi ety and the participants reported number of funerals accompanied per year. One of the limitations of this study is that conducting a survey through mail is not the best method because the researchers cannot be sure that the survey packets go a way be received by the participants. The recommended method would be interviewing the participants personally.Another relevant study by Chan and Yap (2009) was aimed to examine the influence of religion, religious orientation, gender, and age on death anxiety in a culturally diverse demesne like Malaysia. In this study, there were 320 participants ranging in age from 17-70 long era. The results supported system C which is female participants would have lower death anxiety and death anxiety levels would not differ between young adults and older adults. However, it is declared in the research paper that participants get ined were obtained from the Klang Valley area. Limited in completely one area is not a good sampling method, because the community outside of KlangValley is not included, therefore it would influence the results.A study by Mroczek and Almeida (2004) was conducted to examine whether stress reactivity becomes stronger or weaker with age. There were 1012 participants ranging in age from 25-74 years were took part in this study. The main results showed that there was a stronger acquaintance between unremarkable stress and negative affect for persons high in neuroticism as compared to those low on the trait. In addition, there was also a stronger association between daily stress and negative affect for older as compared to younger adults. In this study, researchers should also include the age population below 25 and above 74 of years in order to get a more comprehensive result.Lastly, a study by Birditt, Antonucci and Tighe (2013) was carried out to investigate whether decreeed support (emotional or instrumental) varies by relationship calibre and stress appraisals among middle and older adulthood. Th ere were 152 participants(principal respondents, PRs)who had experienced modern stressful life events and 180 participants as their identified supportive ties ranging in age from 8-98 years were took part in this study. The main results showed that thehigh quality relationships tended to enact existently high levels of support irrespective of stress appraisals whereas low quality relationships enacted high levels of support when PRs were more highly stressed.In this study, researchers should increase the number of participants in order to get a more accurate result.Methodology role playerParticipants will be approached and filter to 3 different groups, young adulthood (20-39 years old), middle adulthood (40-64 years old) and older adulthood (65-74 years old). Each group will consist of 20 participants. The participants will consist of both women and men.Materials (Questionnaire)The Templer Death Anxiety Scale (TDAS) by Lonetto Templer was designed to determine ones death anxiety level. It is a self-conducted 15-item casing where participants rate themselves on the true-false scale. The instrument is recorded by allocating 1 point to every item which is answered correctly and then will be summed up all the items at the end of the process. High scores on this scale show high death anxiety level while low scores indicate low death anxiety level. The TDAS has good inclemency whereby it correlated 0.74 with the Fear of Death Scale. Besides that the TDAS is capable of significantly crotchety between psychiatric patients who have high death anxiety level and a control group. The TDAS also has an internal dependability of 0.76 and a three-week test-retest reliability of 0.83. (Lonetto, R., Templer, D. I. (1983). (The nature of death anxiety.In C. D. Spielberger and J. N. Butcher (Eds.), Advances in personality assessment, Volume 3 (pp. 14-174).The perceive Stress Scale (PSS) was developed to measure of the level to which situations in ones life are appraised as stressful.It is a 14 item instrument that predicts both unbiased biological markers of stress and increase risk for disease among people with higher distinguished stress levels. For example, those with the higher scores (suggestive of chronic stress) on the PSS tend to be worse on biological indicators of aging, cortisol levels, immune markers, depression, infectious disease, wound healing, and prostate-specific antigen levels in men. The Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), designed to determine the level of situations in ones life are appraised as stressful. The European Spanish chance variable PSS (14-item) demonstrated adequate reliability (internal consistency, = .81, and test-retest, r = .73), validity (concurrent), and sensitivity. Additional entropy indicate adequate reliability (= .82, test-retest, r = .77), validity, and sensitivity of a 10-item utterly version of the PSS (Remor, 2006). (Remor, E. (2006). (Psychometric properties of a European Spanish version of the percei ved stress scale. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 9(1), 86-93.)ProcedureA total of 60 participants will be recruited randomly through random picking at Sunway gain shopping center and at the same time select by presuming their age group in order to complete 20 participants per age group. Participants will then be briefed about the objective of this experiment and the operating instructions they need to follow. Next, participants will be given the first questionnaire by the researchers, which is the Templer Death Anxiety Scale (TDAS). In this dent, participants are required to fill in their lucubrate as provided in section A (socio demographic) and run short to section B which is the questions of the death anxiety questionnaire. Then, the researcher will pile up butt the questionnaires from the participants. After that, participants will be given the second questionnaire which is the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS). In this section, participants are required to fill in their de tails once more as provided in section A (socio demographic) and proceed to section B which is the questions to assess their stress scale. Then, the researcher will collect back the questionnaires from the participants. Both questionnaires collected will be used for data collection to be then converted into results.DesignCross sectional method will be used in this research because age group division will be involved. It will be a study based on data gathered at one time from groups of participants who represents different age groups. Each subject will be measure and tested only once and the results give us data about differences between the groups.DiscussionLimitation of the research would be the amount of participants. Therefore it doesnt represent the whole society. Future researchers are recommended to recruit more participants to get a higher accuracy results. Other than that the way to approach participants as planned would be a little time consuming. It is also not that effi cient. Future researchers are recommended to approach participants in a more efficient way.ReferenceAngela Morrow, R. (2011, 1 19).Stress definition. Retrieved from http//dying.about.com/od/glossary/g/stress.htmCathy, C., Jamie, A. (2008, 1 2).Terror management theory. Retrieved from http//www.tmt.missouri.edu/Daniel K., M., David M., A. (2004). The effect of daily stress, personality, and age on daily negative affect.Journal of personality and social psychology,72(2), 355-378.JOEL.D, L., JAMIE , A. (2009, 7 1).Terror management theory and dialog box decision-making. Retrieved from http//www.thejuryexpert.com/2009/07/terror-management-theory-and-jury-decision-making/Kira S., B., Toni C., A., Lauren, T. (2013). Enacted support during stressful life events in middle and older adulthood An examination of the interpersonal context.27(3), 728741. inside 10.1037/a0026967Laura K., H., Lyle J., W., John J., B. (2009). Death anxiety in a national sample of united states funeral directo rs and its relationship with death exposure, age, and sex.58(2), 129-146. inside 10.2190/OM.58.2.cLI CHUIN, C., CHIN CHOO, Y. (2009). Age, gender, and religiosity as related to death anxiety.Lonetto, R., Templer, D. I. (1983). The nature of death anxiety.in c. d. spielberger and j. n. butcher (eds.).Advances in personality assessment,3, 14-174.Peters , L., Cant , R., Payne, S., OConnor , M., McDermott, F., Hood, K., Morphet , J., Shimoinaba, K. (2013). How death anxiety impacts nurses caring for patients at the end of life a review of literature.7, 14-21. doi 10.2174/1874434601307010014Remor, E. (2006). Psychometric properties of a european spanish version of the perceived stress scale.The Spanish Journal of Psychology,9(1), 86-93.Richard, J. (2008).Hans selyes general adaptation syndrome. Retrieved from http//www.essenceofstressrelief.com/general-adaptation-syndrome.htmlAppendix ADeath Anxiety ScaleIndicate whether each item is commonly true or false for you most of the time.Sc oring for death anxietyT FI am very much hangdog to die.TT FThe thought of death seldom enters my mind.FT FIt doesnt make me queasy when people talk about death.FT FI dread to think about having to have an operation.TT FI am not at all afraid to die.FT FI am not particularly afraid of getting cancer.FT FThe thought of death never bothers me.FT FI am often put out by the way time flies so very rapidly.TT FI fear dying a painful death.TT FThe thought of life after death troubles me greatly.TT FI am really scared of having a heart attack.TT FI often think about how short life really is.TT FI shudder when I hear people public lecture about a World War III.TT FThe sight of a dead body is horrifying to me.TT FI feel that the future holds cryptograph for me to fear.FAppendix B