History of Coca Cola Essay Example for Free

History of Coca Cola EssayAbout the CompanyThe first signs of the Coca-Cola Company started out in capital of Georgia in 1886 when a pharmacist denominationd John Pemberton developed a caramel colored carbonated drink and sampled it to customers. Soon after, the drink was for sale at volt cents a glass, selling about nine glasses a day in the local pharmacy. After Pembertons death in 1888, an Atlanta businessman named Asa Griggs Candler, secured the rights to Coca-Cola for a total of $2300 and it was at this time that Coca-Cola transformed from an invention into a business. Over the next several years, through coupons, advertisement, and sampling, the demand for Coca-Cola continued to grow devising it necessary to open syrup plants in Chicago, Dallas, and Los Angeles. In 1899, two lawyers secured the rights from Candler to sell Coca-Cola in portable bottle sized serving, as opposed to only organism offered in the soda fountains. Not realizing the popularity bottles would hav e, Candler sold the rights for just one dollar.Going into the newborn century, Coca-Cola continued to see rapid growth moving into other countries including Canada, Panama, Puerto Rico, France, and Cuba to name a few. From having just two bottlers in 1990, Coca-Cola had almost 1000 bottlers in 1920. Over the next twenty year, focus was on introducing the beverage around the mankind with much success.After 70 years of success with Coca-Cola, the company began introducing other flavored beverages including Fanta, Tab, Fresca, and Sprite. The companys presence was growing much and more internationally in countries such as Cambodia, Turkey, and Paraguay. In1971, the company was selected to be the only company allowed to sell packaged cold drinks in The Peoples Republic of China.During the 1980s, Diet turn was introduced and the company made an attempt at developing a new improved aspect for Coca-Cola. While this had good test panel results, when the new formula was introduced on th e market, the public begged for the old formula to be reinstated. The public opinion eventually won and Coca-Cola Classic was back on the shelves. The 1990sbrought other new beverages to the line up including Dasani bottled water, Powerade sports drink, and Barqs root beer. The company continued to move into other countries including East Germany and India. By 1997, the company was up to over 1 million servings of their product a day and continually growing. Coca-Cola started out as an experiment in a pharmacy selling just nine glasses a day and now has over 500 brands world wide selling over 1.7 billion servings per day. Even with the tough economy, Coca-Cola has continued its growth and remains to be a beverage that consumers reach for daily, not just in the United States, but all over the world.

Virtual Meeting Scenario Essay Example for Free

Virtual Meeting Scenario EssayIn the past, a meeting for many world(a) companies and organizations with largely distributed partakers was challenging. For example, previously if a company called a meeting and attendees were in different locations, the business would either fly those in attendance to a fundamental location, or hold conference calls. Today companies take advantage of technology by holding practical(prenominal) meetings.According to Educause Learning Initiative A virtual meeting is Online virtual meetings atomic number 18 real-time interactions that take place over the Internet using features such as audio and video, chat tools, and application manduction (Educase Learning Initiative, 2006). In other words a virtual meeting can link meeting participants with aside him or her ever leaving his or her workplace. From this fresh innovation businesses can expand businesses and make decisions faster however, all meeting attendees should learn to respect each other, c ommunicate, and appreciate each others differences.thither are several types of teams, from sports teams to debate teams and workplace teams. Workplace teams is the focus of this paper, specifically virtual teams, the individual who are a part of the team must be there to create a cooperative effort for teamwork to be present. Different obstacles can be created by virtual meetings because the individuals involved in the meeting are not face to face and only have what each other say to make his or her impressions and perceptions. The teams involved in the virtual meetings have to be open to learn, share, discuss, and seek information and knowledge.The virtual meeting scenario with Pablo, surface-to-air missile and Lifang Lin, they all are from different regions and cultures. The simulation is provided by University of Phoenix (2009). The obstacles and difficulties that each individual in the simulation endures include accents, stereotypes, culture, ego and gender. There are remarks m ade based on ones culture and stereotypes brought up. In the simulation it is understood that because Lifang Lin is a female that the two males seems to leave her out of conversation and not recognize that she is a part of the team. Sam, an American, made offensive comments that are very derogatory and rude.He also made a prejudice comment to Pablo that he wants to build a higher wall along the border there so yall meaning Mexican dont keep coming over into America and ruining things for the rest of us, (University of Phoenix, 2009). Sam also talks almost taking siestas and calling him Senor Pablo and that he dont hablo espanol or anything akin that. Even though Pablo is an educated man Sam comments still make seems like he is passkey to Pablo and Pablo in inferior to him. Sam is an unethical, prejudice, self-absorb, and bias mortal. I would not have let it the conservation get far.I would have told Sam he was unprofessional and we are here to conduct business. Pablo is from Me xico and third world country. Pablo has a big ego and he always singing his own praises and build his self-up. He always wants to take the lead, talk about how handsome he is, talk about a lot about his accomplishments, and feel he is superior to everyone else. Pablo appears to be self-centered and arrogant just from his introduction. He did show have some hostility toward Sam regarding his remarks, Pablo told Sam the topic is sensitive to him. Pablo is an egotistical person despite the how Sam stereotyped him.I would have did the same with Pablo stopped him before he made everything about himself and not the business. Lifang Lin is from China. Lifang Lin is the most professional out of them all. She needs to talk up some to Sam and Pablo and not let them bully her. She is submissive, maybe because of her culture. She appears to be somewhat shy and laid back, but she is regardful of other. She tries to makes things peaceful between everyone. She is more of a peacemaker and leader than Sam and Pablo. If I was Lifang Lin I would have ask Sam and Pablo to conduct themselves professionally and get over each other with respect.

Agricultural Climate Adaptation Plan

Agricultural Climate Adaptation jut outKrity NeermulAgricultural Climate Adaptation Plan A Case Study of the Mauritius Sugar Cane IndustryIntroductionClimate change being now a reality, the future weather projections of Mauritius is contemplating a warmer and drier condition in the coming years. The one-year temperature is expected to increase by 2.0C by the 2060s and a decrease in the annual rainf wholly by 13% by 2050s coupled with extreme events bid re live flash flood, acute drouth and cyclone (McSweeney et al., 2010). Agriculture is radic eithery driven and mutualist on modality and as such any distortion in the climatic conditions would have serious consequences on production. Likewise, the thread of humour change to the gelt slash industry of Mauritius is now real. Hence, given it considerable economical, social and environmental importance, sugar cane industry should be prepared for and shielded again, the potential devastating nub of mood change.It is undebatable that the effect of climate on the industry would be felt all throughout its value chain line starting from the primary industry, sack through secondary level and going up the ladder till the national economic benchmark (Muchow et al., 1999). The impacts are real which are mainly callable to due rise in temperature, wretched precipitation and extreme events and are concentrated aroundLow yieldDecrease in sugar production. uneconomical planning of crushing campaign by millers and harvesting period extended.Penalties by buyer, for unable to supply required amount of sugar as per contract.Required tube-shaped structure wet for irrigation. Hence competition with other crops.Emergence of pests and diseases.Replantation constraints.Decrease of GDP.Decrease in foreign currency return.Affect policy and national budget program. sparing dis-balanceHaving an overview of the potential impacts of climate change on the Mauritian sugarcane Industry, its effect can be reduced by formulating t he right mitigation and version strategies. both(prenominal) strategies are of uttermost importance in the sense that mitigation would mainly focus on stratagems required to limits further deterioration of the global climate and reading would address specific issues on how to reduce the severity of climate change due to past and future emission by mankind. thereof the objective of this root is to prepare an adaptation and mitigation plan on how to make the sugarcane industry viable and continue to be effective in projected irate climatic conditions like higher temperature, low precipitation and extreme events.2.0Adaptation strategies2.1 administration involvementThe Government of Mauritius being a signatory of the United Nations modeling Convention on Climate Change and member in several international bodies like IPCC, World Climate Programme of the World Meteorological arrangement and UNFCCC, is duty bound to fulfil its commitment in mitigating and preparation of its nation al adaptation plan for climate change. Furthermore, in the wake of framing the adaptation plan, the leadership of the regimen is crucial for its concretisation together with all stakeholders. Government of Mauritius should dally a central role in the development of an adaptation scheme for the sugarcane sphere pertaining to policy formulation, research and development, fund disbursement, role of institutions among others. The concept of Maurice Ile Durable is the right project which is looking into climate adaptation strategies.2.2Research and developmentAssessment proves that climate change particularly due to low rainfall and rise in temperature would affect sugar cane production if the existing varieties together with operational material are maintained. whence, to mitigate the effect of water stress due to low rainfall and high temperature, researches should be oriented toward breeding new cultivars that would be drought resistant and at the same condemnation withstand hi gher temperature. There is real potential in breeding new varieties, like evocated by Inman-Bamber et al., (2012) that sugarcane cultivar differences in drought adaptation exist and concurrently, Matthieson (2007) further stated that plant breeders should therefore continue to breed varieties that tolerate drought conditions or greater water use efficiency. other strategy could be that growers drop single variety plantation throughout their fields and move to multi-cultivars field cover which would decrease the stake of collateral damage in the event of failure of one particular variety due to water stress (Challinor et al., 2007).Pests and diseases incidences are expected to increase with climate change and they are even expected to be difficult to control due to alteration of their genomes (Harmon et al., 2009). To that regard, together with plant breeding program, biotechnology could be an indwelling tool in developing new cultivars which would be pests and diseases resistan t and their release could be faster in an eventual outbreaks. As stated by Cheavegatti-Gianotto et al. (2011) that asunder from conventional breeding of new varieties to shadow the effect of climate change, researchers should practice biotechnology so as to diminish abiotic and biotic stresses associated with sugarcane.These tasks are under the responsibilities of the Mauritius Sugarcane Industry Research Institute which is the sugarcane research and development arm of the Island.2.3Water and land requirementWater is expected to be a contain resources in the near future as a result of climate change and the effect of low water availability on sugar cane production is well known. Therefore, apart from having drought tolerant varieties, it is essential to curtail water wastage and in economic use. In view thereof, introduction of appropriate irrigation technologies and schemes are fundamental like increasing use of supplementary water, optimisation of irrigation scheduled to maximis e water use efficiency, effective irrigation water deliin truth technologies, and modification to row spacing, minimal tillage and the use of cover crops. Under its reform program of the sugarcane industry, the Government of Mauritius is already investing in the Field Operation, Re-grouping and Irrigation Project (FORIP). Since most scummy utmostmers fields are rain fed, thus the aim is to install irrigation facilities to these lands which would at time benefit the growers and also preparing to sustain future attack of climate change. Another ambitious project laid by the government is construction of additional dams for water storage and this would be an important strategy in mitigating the effect of low rainfall in the long run.Climate change would also affect the earth structure required by sugarcane for growth and maturing. Heavy rainfall, cyclone and thunderstorms as a result of climate change, impact the soil aggregate, causes surface runoff and affect infiltration rate (V rallyay, 2010). Furthermore, Brevik (2013) mapped response of plants to elevated atmospheric CO2level with soil nutrients (N and P) dis-balance and soil organic matter simplification essential to support growth and maintain soil stability. In Mauritius sugarcane is harvested either fresh of burnt. Therefore one possible way to mitigate effect of climate change would be adopting fresh harvest. This would imply leaving all residues in the fields which could be useful in weed suppression, increasing the content of organic matter in the soil which increases water holding capacity improve soil structure and biological application in the soil. Furthermore use of trash blanketing to intercept raindrops and increase water infiltration conserve tillage, and alter row configurations are also recommended.2.4Harvesting and mill about requirementIt is known that decrease yield would create some degree of uncertainty in planning for harvesting and crushing campaign. A potential strategy could be use of seasonal climate forecasts in planning for optimum harvesting and crushing season.Low yield would also entail poor viability and advantageousness of sugar mills. In this line, in the Multi Annual Adaptation Strategy (MAAS) mentioned has been made for centralisation of existing sugar factories into clusters so as to be more efficient and profitable. Previously there were 21 factories around the island and now with the reform spelled under MAAS, there are 4 big flexi-factories which are operational.Despite sugarcane is mainly cultivated for sugar production, yet derivatives products like energy from bagasse and bio-fuel from molasses are having increasing important. The concept of flexi-factory resides around the fact that the mill can instantly shift from its main product which is sugar, in case of an event, to another production like electricity from biomass. This could become an economic opportunity in case the primary industry is change with regard to low sucrose con tent within the crop stand.2.5Extreme events (Cyclone)More cyclone with higher intensity is expected as a result of climate change and such occurrence would affect the whole industry. During cyclone the crop would be affected seriously which would require additional post cyclone inputs for the re-establishment. As an adaptation strategy, it is therefore proposed to plant trees around the field to act as windbreak. In order to mitigate the financial losses to be incurred by planters in an event of cyclone, government should encourage growers to take insurance policy again the associated risk.2.6Economic implicationsFinancial shortfall due to low sugar production could have serious economic consequences for all stakeholders of the industry including national budgetary planning. To lessen the economic burden that might result due to climate change, initiatives like diversification of the economy is imperative. emergent sectors like ICT and offshores are already in the pipeline of the central government policy framework.Since Mauritius has a contractual obligation to supply 400, 000 tonnes of refined clean sugar annually to the buyer, therefore a good initiative has recently been taken which deal with importing raw sugar from other partner countries and re touch on same into white sugar. This step fill the gap if ever the quota is not met as a result of climate change.3.0 obstacles to effective adaptation plan for the sugarcane industryIn the attempt to prepare an effective adaptation plan for the Mauritian Sugarcane industry to continue to be resilient despite facing the negative impacts of climate change, several barriers emerged. The barriers are particularly categorised in four main pillars pertaining to regulatory, organisational, market failure and behavioural barriers.3.1Regulatory barriersThe central government has a very important role to play in the preparation of the adaptation strategies for policy and regulatory making. As evocated earlier that biot echnology could prove to be an essential tool for designing new cultivars that would suit and adapt climate change. Moreover, one barrier that exist is that there is no proper piece of legislation so far that would legalised biotechnology and genetically modified organism. Another barrier is not enough fund and resources being allocated to the sugar cane industry these days hence constraints for the scientist to explore deeper for potential varieties. It is often observed that in the Finance Act these days marginal finance is deployed to RD for sugarcane industry in fact there is reduction of staff and cut cost process. Mentioned has also been made for insurance cover but the constraint that might arose is government intervention with private companies or for subsidies initiatives. Government processes always take time and this would acting as an obstacle for prompt intervention to help and assist for farmers in distress following extreme events like cyclone. Mentioned has also bee n made for the concept of flexi-factory pertaining to electricity generation rather than sugar manufacture in extreme event. The biggest draw back and barrier for this concept is that planters, entitlement. The current law makes provision for planters being remunerated for amount of recoverable sugar from their cane and a very marginal return from bagasse used to generate electricity. Therefore if no proper act is enacted where equitable share of return is given to the planters community then the take-off of the flexi-factory project particularly for energy production would be hindered.3.1.1Organisational BarrierDisputes between millers and farmers are omnipresent when sugarcane quality supplied to the factories come in to play. Arbitration of disputes have never been an easy and rapid task since it has legal implications. Therefore in circumstances of extreme event where the sucrose per cent is low, millers would refused to take the cane for milling until a decision is not taken by fit authorities. The time taken by organisation to make a decision would result in more economic losses to planters since already harvested canes deteriorate with time if milling delayed.3.1.2 Market failuresIt is proposed that raw sugar be imported from other countries and reprocessed into refine white sugar in case the quota not fulfilled from topical anaesthetic production. But the main constraint might be market accessibility and acceptability. There is a growing concern for fair trade these days where all cultural practices are documented and norms respected. Moreover, if raw sugar is used from a country which does not satisfy the standards, then this strategy would just fail and its perennial might end up the contractual agreement, then further problem would arise in searching for alternate potential buyers.3.1.3 Behavioural barriers.Acceptance of GMO is however having some ethnical refusal and this would act as a barrier in developing new resistant varieties. It is commo nly observed that planters are more abandoned to traditional farming and system and they are quite resistant in adopting new strategies like regrouping and mechanisation. Therefore this is impeding the ambitious project of FORIP to reach its cruised urge with the objective to mitigate the effects of climate change.4.0Mitigation strategiesIn the attempt of decreasing considerably green-house gas emission in the atmosphere, sugarcane industry could play a role model. The co-generation of electricity recently embraced by the sugarcane industry is a good show piece. In this concept, during the harvesting period, the military unit plant utilise bagasse instead of coal to produce electricity for export to the national grid. The sugarcane industry is a whole picture in itself where all emission from power plant are trapped back by the sugarcane plant which is well known for its carbon dioxide fixing capability. Another by-product which came out from the processing of sugar is filter c ake (scum). The scum is used as bio-fertiliser in growers fields. This strategy decreases the dependency on chemical fertiliser and at the same time helps in soil conservation.5.0ConclusionTo conclude, the impacts of climate change is likely to affect all stakeholders of the Mauritian Sugarcane Industry throughout all its operating value chain. Having a good adaptation plan is important but to be successful, the adaptation strategies demand for active participation of each and every one. Moreover, not all strategies could easily be implemented because there are barriers that prevent its effective implementation. Furthermore as always said prevention is wear out than cure, then it is equally important to have a climate change mitigation framework with aim not to further deteriorate the already affected climate.ReferencesMcSweeney, C., M. New and G. Lizcano (2010). UNDP Climate Change Country Profiles Mauritius. School of Geography and Environment, University of Oxford. Tyndall Centr e for Climate Change Research. http//country-profiles.geog.ox.ac.ukMuchow, R.C., Robertson M.J. and Keating, B.A. (1997). Limits to the Australian sugar industry climatic and biological factors. In Intensive sugarcane production meeting the challenges Beyond 2000. BA Keating, JR Wilson (eds) pp. 3754. (CAB International Wallingford, UK).Mathieson L (2007). Climate change and the Australian Sugar Industry Impacts, adaptation and R D opportunities. Sugar Research and Development Corporation. Australia.Challinor A, Wheeler T, Garforth C, Craufurd P, Kassam A (2007). Assessing the vulnerability of food crop systems in Africa to climate change. Climate Change 83381-399.Inman-Bamber N G, Lakshmanan P, Park S (2012). Sugarcane for water-limited environments Theoretical assessment of suitable traits. Field Crops Res. 13495104.Harmon, J.P., Moran N.A. and Ives, R.A. (2009). Species Response to Environmental Change Impacts of Food Web Interactions and Evolution. light 3231347.Cheavegatti-Gi anotto A, Abreu H M C, Arruda P, Bespalhok F J C, Burnquist W L, Creste S, Ciero L, Ferro J A, Oliveira F A V, Sousa F T, Grossi-de-S M F, Guzzo E C, Hoffmann H P, Andrade L M G, Matsuoka S, Castro R F, Romano E, Silva W J, Castro S F M, Csar U E (2011). Sugarcane (Saccharum X officinarum) A Reference Study for the Regulation of Genetically circumscribed Cultivars in Brazil. Tropical Plant Biol. 4(1)62-89.Park, S., Howden, M. and Horan, H. (2007). Evaluating the impact of and capacity for adaptation to climate change on sectors in the sugar industry value chain in Australia. Proceedings of the International Society of Sugar Cane Technologists 26, 312-324.Multi Annual Adaptation Strategy Report, (2006 2015), Mauritius.Brevik, E.C. (2013). The Potential Impact of Climate Change on Soil Properties and Processes and same Influence on Food SecurityVrallyay, G. (2010). The impact of climate change on soils and on their water management. Research Institute for Soil cognition and Agricu ltural Chemistry (RISSAC) of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest. Agronomy Research 8 (Special Issue II), 385396

The Impact of ICT in Contemporary Diplomacy

The Impact of ICT in Contemporary DiplomacyHOW HAVE THE CHANGES IN INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY AFFECTED THE ROLE OF THE MODERN DIPLOMAT?INTRODUCTIONIt is no longer untrieds that the revolution of Information and confabulation technologies (ICTs) has revise the practice of conventional treat. Lees evident, however, is the extent of the impact of revolutionized ICT on the theatrical role of modern diplomats, and how this will either aid diplomatical roles or augment them. In addition, ICT has contri justed vastly towards two important elements in the impart of diplomacy namely space and time. Communication tools and environments get to paved way towards the compression of space and time in the global political environment. For example, the attack of the twin towers in New York in September 2011 was transmitted around the world instantaneously however, the transmission of the red-hots of the freedom of America in (1776) to Southern America, took about the same tim e it took to reach England by ship( Abeyaoonasekera and Ransinghe, 2012 p.2 ) This is the ability of ICT to narrow space and time differences amid areas.This stress aims to illuminate this narrative by examining the revolution of ICT in the 21st century focusing on aspects that concern modern diplomats in their functional and strategic roles. Whilst evaluating the role of revolutionized ICT in contemporary diplomacy, this essay specifically discusses the utilisation of ICT as a positive too, in diplomats achieving international relations objectives. ICT has not only created equality surrounded by players in the international political environment but it has also brought awareness to the general public.In the end, I will highlight the enormous opportunities available to diplomats and their representing countries on capitalizing on ICT.THE ICT REVOLUTIONThe end of the cold war brought a pragmatic restructuring and advent of two important factors the change magnitude in the size o f the members in the state centric world system and the astronomical development in science and technology. Development in science and technology have become drivers in the international political system and know leadge of such trend in major field has become an essential prerequisite to effective international negotiation and conduct of relations by diplomats. As a result, ICT is now an unavoidable part of everyday life as well as integral element to puffy scale economic, social and political restructuring.Nevertheless, strategic advancement in ICT has changed the communication environment. Ranging from the first satellite, Anik 1, a Canadian satellite evolved in 1972 (Pierre, C. 2003), to cyberspace (Formerly known as ARPANET) in 1983 and then the establishment of the World Wide Web in 1991. It has evolved to the point where instant messaging has become the norm. However, the Global system for Mobile Communication (GSM) has provided a new platform to effective and efficient comm unication.In addition, the World total web, has replaced radios, teleph angiotensin-converting enzymes and televisions and has compelled them to include themselves in making the world wide web the ancient source of information and communication in the world. File sharing video conferencing, audio and visual streaming have alter the simple presentation of information to be more complex but yet moveive, efficient and speedy.The technologized world of today has empowered citizens to constantly evaluate, and upgrade their socio, political and economic bonds. However, business communication theory and transactions are largely conducted using ICT. This is an era where digital signatures are gradually replacing conventional ones where paper documentation has also taken anteriority over traditional filing. Governments are catching up to the digital frenzy by including information in the public domain, allowing citizens to obtain public services on line.THE stampS OF ICT ON TRADITIONA L DIPLOMACYCHALLENGESA year after the transatlantic war was over in 1886 with the completion of the transatlantic cable betwixt the United States of America and Europe, the United States formed a wire office to deal with the new method f communication such as telegraph in international affairs. This development in communication, accelerated diplomacy and restraine the independence excersied by diplomats, thereby centralising contrasted plicy. Treaties and gareements were no longer think overd crossways green tables amngst diplomats with surplus tim (Gottemoelle, R. 2012).As at today, diplomats are still in the catch up phase, whilst citizens have embraced the new technologically advanced environment. Nevertheless, the world wide web, the internet, digital imagery have changed the environment in which diplomacy operates. The three factors that enhanced the transformation of the environment in which diplomacy operates are shrinking costs, increase in capacity, speed of applicati on ( Grant, R. 2004).Advancements in ICT has revised conventional diplomacy, so much that the new diplomacy is known as Public Diplomacy has been pushed prior as a useful business tool in the international arena connecting diplomats not only with their counterparts but also extending to new activists such as citizens, NGOs, Journalists, etc directly communicating with them in a more sophisticated manne using tools such as image showing, reputation management and multiparty dialogue to meet their foregin polity ends which may or may nt result into a compromise.Nevertheless, there is the certainty that the advent of 21st century ICT has reconstructed access to information which has automatically compelled foreign missions and diplomats to adapt to the new system and its practices, in order to protect their national interest.Conventionally, diplomats have been forced to explore methods beyond those encoded in the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Missions 1961. Diplomats ae constantl y trying to deal with the consequences of the development of ICT, forcefully changing their method of diplomatic conduct to adapt to the fast rising media and non-state actors who have entangled the diplomatic profession, which is now operating in a multi polar international system. Whilst citizens and the corporate world at large, have several primary roles such as collecting information, representing their home nationetc.THE EFFECT OF ICT ON THE ROLE OF MODERN DIPLOMATSTHE POSITIVE EFFECTS OF ICT ON THE ROLE OF MODERN DIPLOMATSBeing one of the earliest forms of international relations in the state, diplomats play the following roles negotiator, mediator, information manageing, and messenger. In addition, diplomats also act in recncialiation, conflict resolution and preventive diplomacy. This instalment of the essay, examines these roles in details and how ICT has either contributed or augmented the service delivery.INFORMATION GATHERINGInformation is an essential aspect of dipl omacy. Most if not all actions in iplomacy are taken based on information. Information dealt with by diplomats is highly sensitive and confidential. As a result, diplomats have the responsibility to negotiate with the sensitivity and confidentiality of information. However, ICT plays a vital role provides necessary tools to ensure efficient management.The economic, political, and social conditions and giving feedback to the headquarters remains a attain role and function of a diplomat. However, this has transformed in the technologized age. Prior to this, diplomats, had the responsibility of collecting newspapers and transporting them to the foreign missions. But the information age has enabled diplomats to adopt sensitivity to local and cultural relations to provide analytics of pivotal information filtered out of media and other important actors such as NGOs an the public at large byy fllowing online information dissemination and social media tols. Fact finding is no longer as t edious and difficult as it use to be. Information on demographics, is available at the beck and call of a diplomat by means of internet services such as goggle scholar, Wikipedia, CIA WORLD FACT Book etc.The traditional diplomatic bag has been replaced by the use of the intranet which understructure be customized to suit the extreme confidentiality levels necessary in diplomatic communications with access limitations for different level of the heierarchy. Collecting information and data from various sources via the internet and distributing and disseminating it through a structured intranet has and will compress the time and the cost factors that are involved with diplomatic information management.MEDIATIONIn circumstances, where a administration to face dialogue will not be condiuuycive, ICT can help by not only saving time but costs and lives in close cases. Computer led communications can create a safer and non-cnfrontatinal channel of dialogue between groups. An example of t his is when the Unite States institute of peace mediated an ICT led peace intitative to put a halt to a 14 year civil war in Liberia enaging Gyude Bryant, the leader of the National Transitinal Goovernment of Liberia in a practical(prenominal) town hall meeting with Liberian Diaspora on the prospects of peace for the country (Radunovic, 2010).NegotiationNegotiation is an essential role of a diplomat. Bilateral and multilateral negotiaations have gained insight from ICT advancements reaping benefits from the time, space and even cost compressions that have taken place. In a post-recession era where overheads of ministries have dwindled and budgets have been e-concentrated on militarization, ICT has and will be tremendously helpful in the negotiation process.Before the actual negotiation, ICT can play a major role in re negotiation and preparation by creating new channels of information both internal and external that helps There are many situations that take place before actual neg otiation between two or more parties, and the use of ICT has do each phase of the prcess mre productive.CONFLICT RESOLUTION, PREVENTIVE DIPLOMACY AND RECONCILITIONEffective information sharing acts as the key to conflict resolution, reconciliation and preventive diplomacy. ICT through main stream media platforms and new media can play a big role in supporting diplomats in conflict resolution, reconcialiation and revention efforts. Most especially in situations where engagement of international actors, local activists, citizens and diaspora is necessary for the efforts to succeed, ICT can be used to create awareness and publicity for policy initiatives adpted to address core issues, to create open discussions and receive feedback on state thinking amongst non-state actors.The Si Lankan governments intiative through the Ministry of external Affairs is a good example where e-diplomacy has been employed to educate the Diaspora and the international community on efforts taken in reconci liation and prevention of the re-escalation of the armed conflict which ravaged the country for over thurty years.ICT AS A BOOSTER OF SOFT POWER IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONSCyber pwer can be used to produce preferred outcomes at bottom cyberspace or it can use cyber instruments to poduce preferred outcomes in other domains outside cyberspace (Nye, J, S. 2012).An enormous number of people are beginning to hope on ICT fr information ad communication. The diplomats audience is no longer confined to his external counterparts and internal cllegues. He is force to interact with ndviduals supplying their own souces a blogs to terrorists producing and web publishing graphic videos of killings ( Grant, R. 2004).The following are situations where ICT can be sed in achieveing two major elements of Public diplomacyRELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENT AMONGST KEY DIPLOMACY PLAYERSA diplomats relationship is no longer exclusive. Diplomacy has lost its exclusivity and ability to operate in insular, protected c ircles. act upon is no longer in a single direction i.e from diplomats to citizens. Diplomacy has become more democratized (Grant,R. 2004). Therefore, diplmats should embrace this democratization and expand their utreach and use ICT tools to manage the ld and new players in the system. Virtual deks and netwoks connecting key players such as the academia, NGOs, corporate, citizens and the Diaspora, active participation/interactions in the blogsphere and social media can induce confidence and trust and credibility amongst the new players such as NGOs, corporate, citizens and the Diaspora, active participartin/interactions in the blogsphere and social media can induce confidence and trust and credibility amongst the new players such as NGs and citizens wh have long mobiliing power in the public domain.ADVANCEMENTS OF POLICY GOALSICT has been used for advocacy amngst players such as NGOSs, interest groups etc. It is a well knwn fact that the Arab springs which took overthrew regimes a nd the policy framework of the Middle Eastern world was ably supported by new media tools. Similarly, foreign policy gals cn be lobbied by government through the use of ICT tools. The CNN EFFECT which became popular during the Gulf war era has been put forward as an example where media has been the driver of foreign policy of one major state (Piers, R.. 2010) . ICT can be used not onlyl as a river, but also as a producer of consent aimed at achieving policy goals of a government. (Saddiki, S. 2006) . shoemakers lastEvolution of ICTs poses fundamental challenges to conventional diplomacy such as breaching confidentiality, promoting openness and transparency, and reducing hierarchy. Despite this, the business case for virtuality in diplomacy and diplomatic relations is compelling in that it is more efficient and acts as a leveraging tool. The use of ICT in international relations is especially beneficial to evolution countries and countires that are in post conflict resurgence situat ins.Furthermore, GSM phones to satellite televisions, emails to the Wi-Fi(internet), to voice and video conferencing over skype have not only revised the way and air diplomats view the world around them and redefined the manner in which the international environment is being conducted, there has also been an astronomical bring up in the international environment. This shift has not only affected the conduct of diplomacy, but also the context in which diplomats carry out their roles. Primarily, an increase in the number of non-state actors, the involvement of citizens in both foreign and domestic foreign policy making all have an effect on the traditional state as it reduces the power of grand states. Notwithstanding, modern diplomats are advised to adapt quickly to the new hi-tech communication environment.Furthermore countries such as Nepal an Sri Lanka can use ICT to attract and build networks with Diaspora who have immigrated to other countries due to the country situation and encourage returnees and build broken bonds with them. Moreover, news can be presented in a more authenthic vogue with the se f new media platforms rather than the run of the mill press conferences and statements ssued in connection. ICT can not only be used for its functional benefits but also strategically as an advertisement platform of a ountrys competencies, socio political and economic ideals and realities As mentioned earlier, diplomacy has been democratized by the onslaught of technological advancements . This democratization should be seen as an advantage and not otherwise.In essence, democratization coupled with the decentralization of information has helped forecast events in the international sector gearing diplomats to formulate responses beforehand rather than fire fighting during and in the aftermath of an event.Considering all this determinant factors and obvious changes, it is important that diplomats take note of the technological developments and get in to line w ith the information environment created y them to prevent redundancy in the ICT age. Developing countries, ought to take a step and reassess and analyse the training programmes made available for diplomats in ICTS. In addition, developing states such as Sudan, ought to see ICT should be seen as a blessing in disguise that will fortify their diplomats to overcome either socioeconomic or political challnges that are thrown their way in the path of development.

The Symbols In The Awakening English Literature Essay

The Symbols In The Awakening English Literature EssayIn Kate Chopins The Awakening, the underlying meaning is imparted to the reviewer through the use of explicit symbolism. The major role of the use of symbolism in the allegory is to attempt to draw a link between the world that Edna exists and her several awakenings and make that link more officeful and compelling. Analyzed in this essay be three prominent symbols of disport which are birds, the marineic and the set ups Edna resides in. The avian allusions and symbols that are present through pop the story pay heed to represent the ability to fly and the freedom it enables. The references to oceans and seas within the novel are symbolic of freedom and empowerment as it relates to Edna. upgrade houses allow the reader to observe the different transformations that Edna undergoes. The Awakening, written by Kate Chopin, is filled with numerous symbols and motifs that allow the reader to develop a deeper understanding of its message.The first symbol to be analyzed is the recurring sign of birds present throughout the novel. When birds appear in the novel they serve as a reflection of Ednas self, and her thoughts. The novel opens not with a main character speaking but with parrot, Allez vous-en Allez vous-en Sapristi (pp. 3). This declaration from the bird translates to Go away Go away For heavens sake It can be inferred that these lines are representative of the thoughts that are passing through Ednas mind for much of the novel. Much like the parrot which could speak a little Spanish, and also a language which nobody understood, (pp. 3) Edna is unable to communicate her true desires and her true feelings to anyone else because they could not understand. Edna wishes to abandon her role as a compliant wife, and acquiescent m otherwise that the Creole society demands she be. Further the bird discussed above is caged symbolizing the entrapment of Edna by society and its expectations for females of that era. Perhaps the only other character in the novel that understands Edna is Mademoiselle Reisz, who stirs Ednas soul with music, and gives advice to her. Edna informs Arobin that Mademoiselle ReiszPut her arms around me and felt my shoulder blades, to see if my wings were strong, she said, The bird that would sailplane above the level plain of tradition and prejudice must have strong wings. It is a sad spectacle to see the weaklings bruised, exhausted, fluttering back to earth. (pp. 103)It appears that Reisz knows in the leadhand that Edna exit attempt to fly and expresses an uncertainty as to whether or not Edna is strong enough to succeed. Mademoiselle Reisz is warning Edna in this passage that her flight may last end in failure but Edna does not receive this message for she is not thinking of any extraordinary flights. I only half excavate her. Reisz is attempting to help her with this flight by inferring that she is perhaps not strong enough, and may fail but it falls on deaf e ars as Edna does not upon) what Reisz is trying to do. The reader encounters birds towards the conclusion of the novel during a pivotal moment in Ednas biography, All along the white beach, up and down, there was no existing thing in sight. A bird with a broken wing was beating the air above, reeling, fluttering, circling disabled down, down to the water. (pp. 113) Edna observes this as she is about to walk into the ocean and go through her final awakening. This bird with a broken wing embodies Edna representing that she, much like the bird, is unable to fly away and escape from the things that confine her. Further it also illustrates that Edna is already dead before she enters the water like the bird that is doomed to death.The second symbol to be analyzed is the frequent appearance of the ocean/sea. Of all the symbols in the novel, the ocean appears most regularly. Edna consistently connects the ocean with a certain personal free will even when she is a child, a meadow seemed a s outsize as the oceanshe threw out her arms as if swimming when she walked. (pp. 21) Clearly Edna feels freedom and excitement in the above passage illustrated through the reference to the encompassing open ocean. Further, it is in the ocean located off from the supercilious Isle where we observe on of Ednas awakenings. Before this awakening she has already learned how to swim, and when she attempts to swim out into the ocean for the first time a certain metamorphosis occurs, A feeling of exultation overtook herShe grew daring and reckless, overestimating her strength. She wanted to swim far out, where no charwoman has swum before. (pp. 37) This scene is critically primal in the progression of the novel because with her discovery of her ability to swim she also realizes that her life is an empty shell. Perhaps this realization serves to assist her in the changes that she will encounter later in the novel. But there is an aspect of foreshadowment in the line she grew daring an d reckless, overestimating her strength. Though swimming in the ocean gives her legion(predicate) positive feelings of freedom she has not the strength to swim for longer periods of time and as a result will drown. Her desire to swim far out, where no woman has swum before is a noble desire to escape from her entrapment due to Creole society, and she somewhat accomplishes this wish but ultimately fails with her demise. The ocean in the novel allows Edna some of the feelings of freedom, but it also serves as an instrument of her demise Exhaustion was pressing upon and over possessing her. Good-bye, because I love you He did not know he did not understand. He would never understand it was too late the shore was far behind her, and her strength was gone. (pp. 116) Edna believes that the ocean allows her to express herself and escape from the power that is exenterated over her by society. But she realizes that no matter what she attempts to do she will always be trapped by society, f or she lacks the ability to change the way her life is. After coming to this realization she decides that she will retire where she feels the most free and away from being influenced into the ocean.The third and final symbol to be analyzed in this paper is the dynamic symbolism of the houses that Edna resides in. These houses are a direct reflection of the numerous mental and emotional states that Edna experiences throughout her journey. The cottages that are located on the Grand Isle have several symbolic meanings. They serve as separate cages for Edna and also are a reflection of the families that reside within them. Further, all of the cottages at places like this are nearly identical suggesting that all families that dwell in them are identical according to the traditions of the Creole society. Perhaps the most iconic and important house that is encountered during the novel is Ednas pigeon-house. The imagery relating to this house instantly gives the reader insight into why this house is so important to Edna, In a little four-room house around the corner. It looks so cozy, so inviting and restful. (pp. 79) This pigeon house serves to provide Edna with the comfort and independence that her old house with her husband never provided. Her freedom she experiences allows her to realize how much temper she can have over her life, she had resolved never again to belong to another than herself. (pp. 80) This can be considered one of her many awakenings for she realizes that she does not need a man in order to fulfill and complete her life. It is also important to note the contrast from her previous feelings to the new feelings and abilities that arise after Edna moves into the pigeon house before when she kisses Arobin in the house of her husband she has feelings of damage looking at her from the external things around her which he had provided for her external existence. (pp. 84) Yet when she engages with Arobin at her new pigeon-house she experiences no feeling s of reproach or regret. This illustrates how she is now more free in this house than she has been in any other setting.There are many symbols in the novel The Awakening, and in this essay three of the most prominent have been examined leading us to a huge conclusion. Clearly it is necessary in this novel, and most others to analyze and take the occurrences and meanings behind symbols scattered throughout the work. Birds serve as an allusion to Edna herself and as an instrument of foreshadowment in regards to her own demise. The ocean is used numerous times throughout the novel as a source of freedom and self expression that allow Edna a release from everything going on in her life. The last symbol was the many houses that Edna was in during the novel that were representative of her current feelings and were a reflection of her. Without the analysis and acknowledgment of these symbols the story becomes just a simple piece of writing and lacks strong deeper meanings.

How To Writing A Research Essay :: essays research papers

How To Writing A Research Essay     The toughest part of the essay, for me, was taking all the information Ihad gained and reduce it to a mere few pages essay. After all, quality is betterthan quantity. I feel that if I weakened my essay, it would be weaker because Icouldnt include everything that I had seeked. This would mean that much ofthe time I spent and the information I had gathered in my research was going towaste.     Reviewing the finished product, I realized that my shortened essay didin by half the pages did what my old one could not do in a few hundred -- itmade a concise, cerebrate argument. By focusing my essay, I was able to includeonly the best and most important points from my research, while discarding moreextraneous ones. I learned that a research writer is like a funnel he or shemust take in a wide range of information at the beginning, and turn it into anarrow argument in the end.     An essay is mo re than just uniting facts from your research, it is anopportunity for you to voice your own opinion. An essay with just facts isinformative, only not very interesting and get boring. It tends to lose youraudience.. A strong essay is one that uses facts to support an argument based onthe writers analysis of the topic. up to now though this is easier said then done.     Always keep the essay question in mind during your research. Askyourself "What do I need to know in order to answer the question?" Have asystem of how you are going to answer that question. Find plenty of informationto support your argument. Throughout your research you will surely findchallenges.

The Haber Process :: essays research papers

1. The Haber ProcessDuring the first decade of the twentieth century the world-wide demand for ammonia water for use in fertilisers (in the variance of nitrates) and in the production of explosives for use in mining and warfare could only be satisfied on a tremendous scale from deposits of guano in Chile (2). Though this deposit was of huge size (approximately five feet thick and 385 kilometres long) it represented a rapidly depleting resource when compared to world-wide demand. As a result of this there was much research into how ammonia could be produced from atmospheric nitrogen. The problem was eventually solved by Fritz Haber (1868 - 1934) in a process which came to be known as the "Haber Process" or the "Haber - Bosch Process".Haber developed a method for discounting ammonia utilising atmospheric nitrogen and had established the conditions for large scale synthesis of ammonia by 1909 and the process was handed over to Carl Bosch for industrial development (1 ). the reaction is a simple equilibrium reaction which occurs in gaseous conjure up as followsN2 (g) + 3H2 (g) = 2NH3 (g) heat of enthalpy = -92.6 kJ/molIn predicting how to obtain the highest yield from this reaction we must refer to Le Chatliers Principle. This states that for an equilibrium reaction the equilibrium give work in the opposite direction to the conditions forced upon it. The conditions most pertinent to the to a higher place reaction are temperature and pressure.The pressure exerted by any gas or mixture of gasses in an enclosed space is directly proportional to the number of atoms or molecules of gas regardless of their size or molecular mass. Reference to the above reaction shows that, as the reaction moves to the right the number of molecules and hence the pressure decreases. Therefore the reaction moving to the right (i.e. towards the product required) is favoured by an increase in pressure.With regard to temperature, the reaction moving to the right is exothe rmic i.e. it gives off energy (in the form of heat). Therefore reference to Le Chatliers Principle shows that the reaction to the right is favoured by low temperatures.However, when Haber placed the reactants together under these conditions it was shown that the rate of reaction was so slow as to render the process unfeasible as an industrial process. This is because of an signally high activation energy.The activation energy of a reaction is the energy required by the reactants to achieve an intermediate state required before they form the products.