Agricultural Climate Adaptation Plan

Agricultural Climate Adaptation jut outKrity NeermulAgricultural Climate Adaptation Plan A Case Study of the Mauritius Sugar Cane IndustryIntroductionClimate change being now a reality, the future weather projections of Mauritius is contemplating a warmer and drier condition in the coming years. The one-year temperature is expected to increase by 2.0C by the 2060s and a decrease in the annual rainf wholly by 13% by 2050s coupled with extreme events bid re live flash flood, acute drouth and cyclone (McSweeney et al., 2010). Agriculture is radic eithery driven and mutualist on modality and as such any distortion in the climatic conditions would have serious consequences on production. Likewise, the thread of humour change to the gelt slash industry of Mauritius is now real. Hence, given it considerable economical, social and environmental importance, sugar cane industry should be prepared for and shielded again, the potential devastating nub of mood change.It is undebatable that the effect of climate on the industry would be felt all throughout its value chain line starting from the primary industry, sack through secondary level and going up the ladder till the national economic benchmark (Muchow et al., 1999). The impacts are real which are mainly callable to due rise in temperature, wretched precipitation and extreme events and are concentrated aroundLow yieldDecrease in sugar production. uneconomical planning of crushing campaign by millers and harvesting period extended.Penalties by buyer, for unable to supply required amount of sugar as per contract.Required tube-shaped structure wet for irrigation. Hence competition with other crops.Emergence of pests and diseases.Replantation constraints.Decrease of GDP.Decrease in foreign currency return.Affect policy and national budget program. sparing dis-balanceHaving an overview of the potential impacts of climate change on the Mauritian sugarcane Industry, its effect can be reduced by formulating t he right mitigation and version strategies. both(prenominal) strategies are of uttermost importance in the sense that mitigation would mainly focus on stratagems required to limits further deterioration of the global climate and reading would address specific issues on how to reduce the severity of climate change due to past and future emission by mankind. thereof the objective of this root is to prepare an adaptation and mitigation plan on how to make the sugarcane industry viable and continue to be effective in projected irate climatic conditions like higher temperature, low precipitation and extreme events.2.0Adaptation strategies2.1 administration involvementThe Government of Mauritius being a signatory of the United Nations modeling Convention on Climate Change and member in several international bodies like IPCC, World Climate Programme of the World Meteorological arrangement and UNFCCC, is duty bound to fulfil its commitment in mitigating and preparation of its nation al adaptation plan for climate change. Furthermore, in the wake of framing the adaptation plan, the leadership of the regimen is crucial for its concretisation together with all stakeholders. Government of Mauritius should dally a central role in the development of an adaptation scheme for the sugarcane sphere pertaining to policy formulation, research and development, fund disbursement, role of institutions among others. The concept of Maurice Ile Durable is the right project which is looking into climate adaptation strategies.2.2Research and developmentAssessment proves that climate change particularly due to low rainfall and rise in temperature would affect sugar cane production if the existing varieties together with operational material are maintained. whence, to mitigate the effect of water stress due to low rainfall and high temperature, researches should be oriented toward breeding new cultivars that would be drought resistant and at the same condemnation withstand hi gher temperature. There is real potential in breeding new varieties, like evocated by Inman-Bamber et al., (2012) that sugarcane cultivar differences in drought adaptation exist and concurrently, Matthieson (2007) further stated that plant breeders should therefore continue to breed varieties that tolerate drought conditions or greater water use efficiency. other strategy could be that growers drop single variety plantation throughout their fields and move to multi-cultivars field cover which would decrease the stake of collateral damage in the event of failure of one particular variety due to water stress (Challinor et al., 2007).Pests and diseases incidences are expected to increase with climate change and they are even expected to be difficult to control due to alteration of their genomes (Harmon et al., 2009). To that regard, together with plant breeding program, biotechnology could be an indwelling tool in developing new cultivars which would be pests and diseases resistan t and their release could be faster in an eventual outbreaks. As stated by Cheavegatti-Gianotto et al. (2011) that asunder from conventional breeding of new varieties to shadow the effect of climate change, researchers should practice biotechnology so as to diminish abiotic and biotic stresses associated with sugarcane.These tasks are under the responsibilities of the Mauritius Sugarcane Industry Research Institute which is the sugarcane research and development arm of the Island.2.3Water and land requirementWater is expected to be a contain resources in the near future as a result of climate change and the effect of low water availability on sugar cane production is well known. Therefore, apart from having drought tolerant varieties, it is essential to curtail water wastage and in economic use. In view thereof, introduction of appropriate irrigation technologies and schemes are fundamental like increasing use of supplementary water, optimisation of irrigation scheduled to maximis e water use efficiency, effective irrigation water deliin truth technologies, and modification to row spacing, minimal tillage and the use of cover crops. Under its reform program of the sugarcane industry, the Government of Mauritius is already investing in the Field Operation, Re-grouping and Irrigation Project (FORIP). Since most scummy utmostmers fields are rain fed, thus the aim is to install irrigation facilities to these lands which would at time benefit the growers and also preparing to sustain future attack of climate change. Another ambitious project laid by the government is construction of additional dams for water storage and this would be an important strategy in mitigating the effect of low rainfall in the long run.Climate change would also affect the earth structure required by sugarcane for growth and maturing. Heavy rainfall, cyclone and thunderstorms as a result of climate change, impact the soil aggregate, causes surface runoff and affect infiltration rate (V rallyay, 2010). Furthermore, Brevik (2013) mapped response of plants to elevated atmospheric CO2level with soil nutrients (N and P) dis-balance and soil organic matter simplification essential to support growth and maintain soil stability. In Mauritius sugarcane is harvested either fresh of burnt. Therefore one possible way to mitigate effect of climate change would be adopting fresh harvest. This would imply leaving all residues in the fields which could be useful in weed suppression, increasing the content of organic matter in the soil which increases water holding capacity improve soil structure and biological application in the soil. Furthermore use of trash blanketing to intercept raindrops and increase water infiltration conserve tillage, and alter row configurations are also recommended.2.4Harvesting and mill about requirementIt is known that decrease yield would create some degree of uncertainty in planning for harvesting and crushing campaign. A potential strategy could be use of seasonal climate forecasts in planning for optimum harvesting and crushing season.Low yield would also entail poor viability and advantageousness of sugar mills. In this line, in the Multi Annual Adaptation Strategy (MAAS) mentioned has been made for centralisation of existing sugar factories into clusters so as to be more efficient and profitable. Previously there were 21 factories around the island and now with the reform spelled under MAAS, there are 4 big flexi-factories which are operational.Despite sugarcane is mainly cultivated for sugar production, yet derivatives products like energy from bagasse and bio-fuel from molasses are having increasing important. The concept of flexi-factory resides around the fact that the mill can instantly shift from its main product which is sugar, in case of an event, to another production like electricity from biomass. This could become an economic opportunity in case the primary industry is change with regard to low sucrose con tent within the crop stand.2.5Extreme events (Cyclone)More cyclone with higher intensity is expected as a result of climate change and such occurrence would affect the whole industry. During cyclone the crop would be affected seriously which would require additional post cyclone inputs for the re-establishment. As an adaptation strategy, it is therefore proposed to plant trees around the field to act as windbreak. In order to mitigate the financial losses to be incurred by planters in an event of cyclone, government should encourage growers to take insurance policy again the associated risk.2.6Economic implicationsFinancial shortfall due to low sugar production could have serious economic consequences for all stakeholders of the industry including national budgetary planning. To lessen the economic burden that might result due to climate change, initiatives like diversification of the economy is imperative. emergent sectors like ICT and offshores are already in the pipeline of the central government policy framework.Since Mauritius has a contractual obligation to supply 400, 000 tonnes of refined clean sugar annually to the buyer, therefore a good initiative has recently been taken which deal with importing raw sugar from other partner countries and re touch on same into white sugar. This step fill the gap if ever the quota is not met as a result of climate change.3.0 obstacles to effective adaptation plan for the sugarcane industryIn the attempt to prepare an effective adaptation plan for the Mauritian Sugarcane industry to continue to be resilient despite facing the negative impacts of climate change, several barriers emerged. The barriers are particularly categorised in four main pillars pertaining to regulatory, organisational, market failure and behavioural barriers.3.1Regulatory barriersThe central government has a very important role to play in the preparation of the adaptation strategies for policy and regulatory making. As evocated earlier that biot echnology could prove to be an essential tool for designing new cultivars that would suit and adapt climate change. Moreover, one barrier that exist is that there is no proper piece of legislation so far that would legalised biotechnology and genetically modified organism. Another barrier is not enough fund and resources being allocated to the sugar cane industry these days hence constraints for the scientist to explore deeper for potential varieties. It is often observed that in the Finance Act these days marginal finance is deployed to RD for sugarcane industry in fact there is reduction of staff and cut cost process. Mentioned has also been made for insurance cover but the constraint that might arose is government intervention with private companies or for subsidies initiatives. Government processes always take time and this would acting as an obstacle for prompt intervention to help and assist for farmers in distress following extreme events like cyclone. Mentioned has also bee n made for the concept of flexi-factory pertaining to electricity generation rather than sugar manufacture in extreme event. The biggest draw back and barrier for this concept is that planters, entitlement. The current law makes provision for planters being remunerated for amount of recoverable sugar from their cane and a very marginal return from bagasse used to generate electricity. Therefore if no proper act is enacted where equitable share of return is given to the planters community then the take-off of the flexi-factory project particularly for energy production would be hindered.3.1.1Organisational BarrierDisputes between millers and farmers are omnipresent when sugarcane quality supplied to the factories come in to play. Arbitration of disputes have never been an easy and rapid task since it has legal implications. Therefore in circumstances of extreme event where the sucrose per cent is low, millers would refused to take the cane for milling until a decision is not taken by fit authorities. The time taken by organisation to make a decision would result in more economic losses to planters since already harvested canes deteriorate with time if milling delayed.3.1.2 Market failuresIt is proposed that raw sugar be imported from other countries and reprocessed into refine white sugar in case the quota not fulfilled from topical anaesthetic production. But the main constraint might be market accessibility and acceptability. There is a growing concern for fair trade these days where all cultural practices are documented and norms respected. Moreover, if raw sugar is used from a country which does not satisfy the standards, then this strategy would just fail and its perennial might end up the contractual agreement, then further problem would arise in searching for alternate potential buyers.3.1.3 Behavioural barriers.Acceptance of GMO is however having some ethnical refusal and this would act as a barrier in developing new resistant varieties. It is commo nly observed that planters are more abandoned to traditional farming and system and they are quite resistant in adopting new strategies like regrouping and mechanisation. Therefore this is impeding the ambitious project of FORIP to reach its cruised urge with the objective to mitigate the effects of climate change.4.0Mitigation strategiesIn the attempt of decreasing considerably green-house gas emission in the atmosphere, sugarcane industry could play a role model. The co-generation of electricity recently embraced by the sugarcane industry is a good show piece. In this concept, during the harvesting period, the military unit plant utilise bagasse instead of coal to produce electricity for export to the national grid. The sugarcane industry is a whole picture in itself where all emission from power plant are trapped back by the sugarcane plant which is well known for its carbon dioxide fixing capability. Another by-product which came out from the processing of sugar is filter c ake (scum). The scum is used as bio-fertiliser in growers fields. This strategy decreases the dependency on chemical fertiliser and at the same time helps in soil conservation.5.0ConclusionTo conclude, the impacts of climate change is likely to affect all stakeholders of the Mauritian Sugarcane Industry throughout all its operating value chain. Having a good adaptation plan is important but to be successful, the adaptation strategies demand for active participation of each and every one. Moreover, not all strategies could easily be implemented because there are barriers that prevent its effective implementation. Furthermore as always said prevention is wear out than cure, then it is equally important to have a climate change mitigation framework with aim not to further deteriorate the already affected climate.ReferencesMcSweeney, C., M. New and G. Lizcano (2010). UNDP Climate Change Country Profiles Mauritius. 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